Advantages And Disadvantages Of Paging And Segmentation Computer Science Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Paging And Segmentation Computer Science Essay To use the processor and the I/O facilities efficiently, it is desirable to maintain many processes, as possible, in main memory. In addition, it is desirable to free programmers from size restrictions in program development than to restrict them with small sizes (that happened in the older computers). The restriction to a predefined size redirects the programmers effort from the use of better programming techniques to a continuously effort to make fit in that size a solution, not necessarily the optimal one. The way to address both of these concerns is virtual memory (VM). Virtual memory systems are an abstraction of the primary memory in a von Neumann computer. Even in a time of decreasing physical memory costs, contemporary computers devote considerable resources to supporting virtual address spaces that are much larger than the physical memory allocated to a process. Contemporary software relies heavily on virtual memory to support applications such as image management with huge memory requirements. (Sami Hamed ,2007) . 1.1 Implementing Virtual Memory To basic approaches to providing virtual memory are: paging and segmentation. Paging. With paging, each process is divided into relatively small, fixed-size pages. Paging systems transfer fixed-sized blocks of information between primary and secondary memories. Because of the fixed pages size and page frame size, the translation from a binary virtual address to a corresponding physical address is relatively simple, provided the system has an efficient table lookup mechanism. Paging systems use associative memories to implement page translation tables. Paging uses single-component addresses, like those used to address cell within any particular segment. In paging, the virtual address space is a linear sequence of virtual address (a format that differs from the hierarchical segmentation address space. In a paging system, the programmer has no specific mechanism for informing the virtual memory system about logical units of the virtual address space, as is done in segmentation. Instead, the virtual memory manager is completely responsible for defining the fixed-s ize unit of transfer the page to be moved back and forth between the primary and secondary memories. The programmer need not be aware of the units of virtual address space loaded into or unloaded from the physical memory. In fact, the page size is transparent to the process. ( Philip ,1998) . Segmentation. Segmentation provides for the use of pieces of varying size. It is also possible combine segmentation and paging in a single memory-management scheme. Segmentation is an alternative to paging. It differs from paging in that the unit transfer between primary and secondary memories varies. The size of the segments, are also explicitly known by the programmer. Translating a segment virtual address to a physical. Segmentation is an extension of the ideas suggested by the use of relocation-limit registers for relocating and bound checking blocks of memory. The program parts to be loaded or unloaded are defined by the programmer as variable-sized segments. Segment may be defined explicitly by language directives it implicit by program semantics as the: text, data and stack segments created by the UNIX C compiler. Address is more complex that translating a paging virtual address. (Michael , 2008) . 1.2 Process Management Process management refers to the full spectrum of as services to support the orderly administration of a collection of processes. The processor manager is responsible for creating the environment in which the sequential process executes, including implementing resource management. The community of processes that exists in the as at any given time is derived from the initial process that is created when the computer begins operation. The initial process boots up the as , which, in turn, can create other processes to service interactive users, printers, network connections and so on. A program image is created from a set of source modules and previously compiled library modules in relocate-able form. The link-editor combines the various relocate-able object modules to create an absolute program in secondary memory. The loader places the absolute program into the primary memory when a process executes the program. The program image, along with other entities that the process can reference, constitutes the process address space. The address space can be stored in different parts of the machines memory hierarchy during execution. 1.3 compares their advantages and disadvantages of Paging and Segmentation Advantages of Paging and Segmentation Disadvantages of Paging and Segmentation Paging No external fragmentation Segments can grow without any reshuffling Can run process when some pages are swapped to disk Increases flexibility of sharing Segmentation Supports sparse address spaces Decreases size of page tables If segment not used, not need for page table Increases flexibility of sharing of Both Increases flexibility of sharing Share either single page or entire segment Overhead of accessing memory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Page tables reside in main memory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Overhead reference for every real memory reference Large page tables à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Must allocate page tables contiguously à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ More problematic with more address bits Page table size Assume 2 bits for segment, 18 bits for page number, 12 bits for offset 2.0 Mapping Function Algorithm to block the memory card side cache lines. Method Which country is necessary to define a cache block busy. Three techniques used: direct, associative and associative. Associative Mapping In associative mapping, when a request is made for cash, the requested address is compared in the same directory with all entries in the directory. If the requested address is found (directory hit), the appropriate place in the cache is fetched and returned to the processor, otherwise, a miss occurs.(figure 1) . Associative Mapping Cache Figure (1), (Philip ,1998) Associative Mapping Summary Address length = (s+w) bits Number of addressable units = 2^(s+w) words or bytes Block Size = line size = 2^w words or bytes Number of blocks in main memory = 2^(s+w)/2^w = 2^s Number of lines in cache = undetermined Size of tag = s bits Associative Mapping Pros and Cons Flexibility as to which block to replace when a new block is read into cache Replacement algorithms designed to maximize cache hit ratio Complex circuitry required to examine the tags of all cache lines in parallel direct mapping In a direct mapping cache Lower Row address bits are used to access the directory. Several address line card in the same place in the cache directory, upper address bits (tag bits) should be compared with address to ensure a hit. If the comparison is not valid, the result is a cache miss, or simply a miss. The address given to the cache by the processor actually is subdivided into several pieces, each of which has a different role in accessing data (figure 2) . Direct Mapping Cache Figure (2), (Philip ,1998) set associative Mapping Operates in a fashion somewhat similar to the direct-mapped cache. Bits from the line address are used to address a cache directory. However, now there are multiple choices: two, four, or more complete line addresses may be present in the directory. Each of these line addresses corresponds to a location in a sub-cache. The collection of these sub-caches forms the total cache array. In a set associative cache, as in the direct-mapped cache, all of these sub-arrays can be accessed simultaneously, together with the cache directory. If any of the entries in the cache directory match the reference address, and there is a hit, the particular sub-cache array is selected and out gated back to the processor (figure 3 ) (William , 2000) Set Associative Mapping Cache Figure (3) ,(Philip ,1998) 2.4 Replacement Algorithms Direct Mapping No choice Each block only maps to one line Must replace that line Associative and Set Associative. Must be implemented in hardware for speed. Most effective Least Recently Used (LRU) Replace the block in the set that has been in cache the longest with no references to it . 2-way set associative each line includes a USE bit . First-in-first-out (FIFO) Replace the block in the set that has been in the cache the longest. Uses a round-robin or circular buffer technique . Least Frequently Used (LFU) . Replace the block in the set that has experienced the fewest references. Associate a counter with each line Pick a line at random not based usage . Only slightly inferior in performance to algorithms based on usage . 3.0What is RAID The basic idea of RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is to combine multiple cheap disks in an array of disk drives to obtain performance, capacity and reliability that exceeds that of a large disk. The array of drives appears to the host computer as one logical drive. The Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) of the array is equal to the MTBF of an individual drive, divided by the number of drives in the array. Because of this, the MTBF of a non-redundant array (RAID 0) is too low for mission-critical systems. However, disk arrays can be made fault tolerant by redundantly storing information in various ways. Five types of array architectures, RAID 1 to RAID 5 were originally determined each provides disk fault tolerance with different compromises in features and performance. In addition to these five redundant array architectures, it has become popular to refer to a non-redundant array of disk drives as a RAID 0 array. RAID 0 is the fastest and most efficient array type but offers no fault tolerance. RAID 0 requires a minimum of two drives. (William , 2000). 3.1 Performance and Data Redundancy Increasing Logical Drive Performance Without an array controller, connecting extra physical disks to a system increases the total storage capacity. However, it has no effect on the efficiency of read/write operations, because data can only be transferred to one physical disk at a time (see Figure 3). Figure (3) ,(William , 2000) With an array controller, connecting extra physical disks to a system increases both the total storage capacity and the read/write efficiency. The capacity of several physical disks is combined into one or more virtual units called logical drives (also called logical volumes). The read/write heads of all of the physical disks in a logical drive are active simultaneously; improving I/O performance and reducing the total time required for data transfer (see Figure 4). (William, 2000) Figure (4), (William , 2000) Because the read/write heads for each physical disk are active simultaneously, the same amount of data is written to each disk during any given time interval. Each unit of data is called a block. The blocks form a set of data stripes that are spread evenly over all the physical disks in a logical drive (see Figure 5), (William, 2000). Figure (5) ,(William , 2000) For data in the logical drive to be readable, the data block sequence must be the same in every stripe. This sequencing process is performed by the Smart Array Controller, which sends the data blocks to the physical disk, writing the heads in the correct order. In a striped array, each physical disk in a logical drive contains the same amount of data. If one physical disk has a larger capacity than other physical disks in the same logical drive, the extra capacity cannot be used. A logical drive can extend over more than one channel on the same controller, but it cannot extend over more than one controller. Disk failure, although rare, is potentially catastrophic to an array. If a physical disk fails, the logical drive it is assigned to fails, and all of the data on that logical drive is lost. (Peng, Hai , Xinrong ,Qiong Jiangling , 1997) . 3.2 differences among all RAID levels RAID 0 is the fastest and most efficient array type but offers no fault tolerance. RAID 0 requires a minimum of two drives. RAID 1 is the best choice for performance-critical, fault-tolerant environments. RAID 1 is the only choice for fault-tolerance if no more than two drives are used. RAID 2 is seldom used today since ECC is embedded in all hard drives. RAID 2 is not supported by Adaptec RAID controllers. RAID 3 can be used to speed up data transfer and provide fault tolerance in single-user environments that access long sequential records. However, RAID 3 does not allow overlapping of multiple I/O operations and requires synchronized-spindle drives to avoid performance degradation with short records. Because RAID 5 with a small stripe size offers. Similar performance, RAID 3 is not supported by Adaptec RAID controllers. RAID 4 offers no advantages over RAID 5 and does not support multiple simultaneous write operations. RAID 4 is not supported by Adaptec RAID controllers. RAID 5 combines efficient, fault-tolerant data storage with good performance characteristics. However, write performance and performance during drive failure is slower than with RAID 1. Rebuild operations also require more time than with RAID1 because parity information is also reconstructed. At least three drives are required for RAID 5 arrays. RAID-6 Striped data with dual distributed parity RAID-6 is the same as RAID-5 except that it uses a second level of independently calculated and distributed parity information for additional fault tolerance. This extra fault tolerance provides data security in the event two drives fail before a drive can be replaced. While this RAID level does provide greater fault tolerance than level 5, there is a significant loss in write performance due to the requirement for storing parity twice for each write operation. A RAID-6 configuration also requires N+2 drives to accommodate the additional parity data, which makes it less cost effective than RAID-5 for an equivalent storage capacity. RAID 10 Stripe set of mirrored arrays RAID 10 (also called RAID 0/1) is a combination of RAID levels 0 and 1. In this type of implementation a RAID-0 stripe set of the data is created across a 2-disk array for performance benefits. A duplicate of the first stripe set is then mirrored on another 2-disk array for fault tolerance. While this configuration provides all of the performance benefits of RAID-0 and the redundancy of RAID-1, this level is very costly to implement because a minimum of four disks are necessary to create a RAID 10 configuration. NOTE A RAID 10 configuration can continue operations even when two disks have failed, provided that the two disks not part of the same RAID-1 mirror set. RAID 50 Stripe set of parity arrays RAID level 50 (also called RAID 0/5) is a combination of RAID levels 0 and 5. Multiple RAID-5 arrays are striped together using RAID-0. Parity is maintained separately for each RAID-5 group in the striped array. This level provides the same advantages of RAID-5 for small data transfers with the added performance of striping for disk read/write operations. Also, because parity is calculated independently for each RAID-5 component, if one array is degraded the effect on overall operations is not as significant as for a single RAID-5 array. However, the overhead incurred by RAID-5 parity generation is still present. Normally this does not cause noticeable degradation unless you are dependent on software-based XOR functionality or have a large number of disks in the array. RAID subsystems that support hardware-based XOR should provide performance nearly equal to a RAID-0 configuration with the added protection of data parity information in the event of a disk failure. A minimum of six disks are required for a RAID 50 configuration. NOTE A RAID 50 configuration can continue operations even when two disks have failed, provided that the two disks are not part of the same RAID-5 parity group.(Adaptec inc. (n. d.)) .

Comparing Benjamin Franklin to Mary Rowlandson Essay

The literature written during this time period reveals the important part the supernatural (God) played during those changing times. The new world was struggling for a new identity. Were these individuals also defining the role of God to themselves? In this discussion the lives of Mary Rowlandson and Benjamin Franklin will be compared. Each penned a narrative of their life experiences. There are marked contrasts and comparisons between these two individuals in relation to their perceptions of God. Religion was a dynamic part of life in Colonial America. A shift from faith to deism was occurring. The Puritans of this time were escaping the Church of England. Their hope was to return to the more primitive ways, to reject the churches hierarchy and ritual. Mary Rowlandson, a puritan in Lancaster, Massachusetts was seized by Indians, along with three of her children in 1676. In her narrative she recounts the story of her survival in the wilderness for a period of three months. She is tak en away from her home and husband, â€Å"all was gone (except my life); and I knew not but the next moment what might go too. Benjamin Franklin’s The Autobiography is an account of his life and begins with his boyhood in Boston. He later flees to Philadelphia to escape his brother’s rule over him. He relates how he was â€Å"dirty†, â€Å"fatigu’d†, and â€Å"Want of Rest†. In these depictions we can see a similarity. Both individuals are removed from their homes and families. Although Benjamin Franklin’s removal was of his own free will. They each suffered as they no longer had the comforts of which they were comfortable. Rowlandson’s faith was amazing considering all that she endured. Throughout the narrative she must rely on her faith in God. She includes numerous verses from the Bible to offer explanations for all that she has suffered, â€Å"Wait on the Lord: be of good courage, and he shall strengthen thine heart: wait, I say on the Lord†. It is also noted that she was able to use her trade to survive, â€Å"knitting a pair of white cotto n stockings for my mistress†. This is also a parallel to Franklin in that he also used his trade to survive. But one must ask what is moving Rowlandson? Is she writing for posterity or is she simply egocentric? Rowlandson has portrayed herself as the ultimate Puritan. Was the glory to God or to herself? She also relates here â€Å"how many Sabbaths I  had lost and misspent†. It is fascinating to note that toward the end of the narrative she begins to see that her fate is in God’s hands, â€Å"When thou passest through the waters, I will be with thee†. At the end she recounts her old ways, â€Å"I have seen the extreme vanity of this world†. Franklin, states, â€Å"I had been religiously educated†, I rarely attended any Public Worship†. Some of the doctrine he described as â€Å"unintelligible†, â€Å"others doubtful†. He saw a need to center authority for our lives not in God but in oneself. He also noted â€Å"My conduct may be blamable, but I leave it without attempting farther to excuse it†. Franklin is explaining his behavior but not making apologies. It is also noted that he reveals that he had undertaken â€Å"the bold and arduous Project of arriving at moral perfection†. He had also written a â€Å"Form of Prayer for my own private use†. In Franklin’s â€Å"Thirteen Names of Virtues†, He lists the qualities he deems â€Å"Desirable†. Originally there were only 12 but â€Å"a Quaker friend kindly inform’d me that I was generally thought proud†. The last virtue is humility, and his statement â€Å"imitate Jesus and Socrates†, reflect deism. Although Franklin does state that he was not able to achieve this virtue, he reveals, â€Å"I had a good deal with regard to the Appearance of it†. Franklin also had a â€Å"Memorandum Book†, in which he kept track of his virtues. The book was lined in red ink and his faults were marked in black, â€Å"which marks I could easily wipe out with a wet sponge†. Could this possibly be an analogy to God? Franklin is establishing his own destiny in relation with his deist beliefs. The ideas he projects are decency, justice and belief that happiness may be found in secular values. Near the end Franklin journals his â€Å"Scheme† and communicates it â€Å"was not wholly without Religion† but it did not necessarily reflect any â€Å"particular sect†. An illusion of the America to come? A new world which offered religious freedom? This America in its infancy was establishing an identity free from the mother land. Breaking the tie that binds is never easy. In his Autobiography Franklin was seeking to establish a new identity for the new world. This parallels Rowlandson in that she at the end of her captivity has evolved into a new person. Although Rowlandson has placed her fate more in the hands of her God. Franklin suggests that man controls his own destiny but also makes reference throughout to God. He must deal with his excessive pride, even as Mary Rowlandson has dealt with her own vanity. Hence the supernatural (God) did help to shape our  country to what it is today. Our beliefs reflect what our purpose is, what our identity is. Mary Rowlandson and Benjamin Franklin were setting the standards for Americans to aspire to be. Mary Rowlandson contributes to a young American nation searching for its identity the power of survival without conforming to the behaviors and acts of others. Her faith and trust in God sustained her from becoming like the savagely, as she first perceived, people who took her by force into captivity. At the end of her journey dependence on the grace and providence of God was displayed. In my opinion this is a great contribution to any nation seeking its identity. Benjamin Franklin contributions were/are remarkable. He advocated personal responsibility, intellectual curiosity, honesty, persistence, and prudence—principles that have helped people everywhere lift themselves up. He encouraged an entrepreneurial culture which creates opportunity and hope through peaceful cooperation. He affirmed that by improving yourself and helping your neighbors you can make a free society succeed. His most glorious invention was—and is—the American dream.

Practical Criticism on the Tamer and Hawk poem Essay

Tom Gunn’s Tamer and Hawk is an extended metaphor depicting a powerful, strong, almighty, wild bird of prey (a metaphor for Gunn) being controlled by a seemingly inferior body (a human) – his true love. It depicts an image of a bird and its master (with the use of indirect personification). It tells a story of Gunn’s adoration of his ‘Tamer’ and his strong desire to entice his love. It is an effective metaphor because as the poem continues the danger and violence becomes more prominent, especially at the end of the poem. There are three main theme to the poem; love (â€Å"To fly for you and show†), loyalty (â€Å"For you I fear to lose†) and devotion (â€Å"You seeled me with your love†). The first stanza explains how the Hawk is happy to be domesticated by this person, as he expresses no objection to his situation. He even wants to show off his capabilities in a performance to his Tamer in the hope of impressing him. Gunn idolis es his Tamer by portraying him as kind (â€Å"But gentled at your hands†) and being gently powerful (â€Å"I thought I was so tough†) – with the emphases on the second ‘I’ trying to show the Tamer is more powerful than himself, as well as the quotation â€Å"Upon your wrist† which depicts the Tamer as somewhat of a godly figure who is in control of another life. Also, the quick rhyme scheme: A, B, A, C, C, B, along with the lack of any punctuation and the fast rhythm of the stanza (without any assonance or alliteration or sibilance), due to the Iambic trimeter, emphasises the Hawk’s effort he is putting into his performance, and hence trying to impress his Tamer. This is cemented by Gunn’s use of the phrase â€Å"Cannot be quick enough† which implies that his pace is still not enough to please his lover. The second stanza could be seen as a continuation of the first stanza, the themes are interrelating and also the ideas are common. It evinces the Hawk still not being able to fly away, as he is too in love with his Tamer that whenever they are apart, as soon as he calls him back he returns as fast as he can. It is evidence of how he is becoming so subservient to his Tamer (â€Å"I am no longer free†). Additionally, this quotation implies that the Hawk is in the process of being tamed, which means that there are st ill some wild aspects of his nature. This links to the quotation â€Å"You but half-civilise† which leads to hazardous consequences. One also gets the sense that the Hawk has some desires to be released – showing his wild core aspects, by the use of regular polysyllabic words,  with possible double meanings – â€Å"no longer free,† â€Å"seeled,† â€Å"blind,† â€Å"hooded.† The fact that the majority of these words are polysyllabic could be intended to extend the length of the word in order to express his pain, suffering and anguish. Stanza three explains how the Hawk has now broken free and has the opportunity to open his wings and explore, however, there is one major drawback. He cannot release the thought of his love, the Tamer, which is constantly on his mind (â€Å"In my possessive thought, Of catcher and of caught†). Additionally, in the first line of this stanza the word â€Å"formerly† links back with the idea that he is putting on his best show in order to try and impress his love, continuing the themes of devotion, loyalty and love, and also dete rmination and fortitude. Despite the clues embedded within the poem, it is the final stanza that is the climax of the poem. There are several integral parts to the poem in this stanza. The general picture of the stanza is that the Hawk is willing to go to the very extremes if it means not losing his love. The phrase â€Å"half-civilised† proves that the Hawk still contains his wild instincts and nature, as he is still half wild, however, this is no excuse for what the Hawk plans to do to his Tamer – Kill him. â€Å"For you I fear to lose, I lose to keep, and choose Tamer as prey† explains the Hawk’s plan. It may not be very evident but it does illustrate what the Hawk is willing to do, in order for him not to lose his Tamer. The Hawk obviously longs for the Tamer, however, he might long for him slightly too much because it could be on a parallel with how much a Hawk longs for its prey. One could form the opinion that what the Hawk is a metaphor for is monomaniacal as he is willing to kill his love in order to keep it. â€Å"I lose to keep† is a paradox because the two words in juxtaposition are opposites, contradicting each other, creating an antithesis. It is incomprehensible that one must lose something in order to keep and preserve it. This is the most extreme example of devotion. Generally, the fact that all of the stanzas end in an abrupt fashion, with a four syllable line instead of the previous six syllables, could be interpreted, by the reader, as the Hawk’s realisation that his Tamer is not returning his love and reveals the Hawk’s desperation and disappointment when he is rejected his ultimate wish. The extended metaphor is a very good and effective one because it gives very clear images of all of the scenes created by Gunn and also it is appropriate because the relationship is so  domineering, possessive and un-natural.

The Life Changing Experience of Caregiving Essay - 1212 Words

The Life Changing Experience of Caregiving My interpretation of caregiving and the extensive role a caregiver plays transformed while reading Emily Abel’s novel, Hearts of Wisdom. When interviewing my grandmother, Marjorie Waguespack, her personal experiences reinforced many of the vital factors Abel believes are involved in caregiving. Caregiving includes major rewarding aspects from varying standpoints. Emily Abel wholeheartedly believes, â€Å"the three major components of care—instrumental, spiritual, and emotional—sometimes conferred significant rewards† (60). Caring for an individual can be difficult and may require substantial sacrifice, but oftentimes the benefits outweigh the costs. With these components, an extensive network of†¦show more content†¦If a physician was called, death was inevitable (42). My grandmother wholeheartedly disagrees with Abel’s ideas. She trusted her doctor literally with her life. Emily Abel emphasizes th at doctors proved to remain unreliable and costly. She illustrates the difficulties of summoning a physician; â€Å"transportation difficulties not only delayed doctors’ arrivals but also prevented them from providing continuing care† (41). My grandmother lived in a different kind of situation. The town she resided in consisted of almost all relatives; where as in Abel’s stories, the doctor most likely would be required to travel long distances to provide care. Transportation served as a significant challenge that prevented care from being rendered in a timely fashion, especially if major trauma or an acute sudden onset condition was involved. My grandmother did not experience this obstacle. My grandmother explained, â€Å"[T]he doctors office had registered nurses and a few rooms available for more care, if needed, for twenty four hours a day.† In other words, help was almost always available. 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The Major Drivers Of Humanity s Ecological Footprint Are...

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The Impact of Domestic Violence on Children - 1778 Words

From as long as our history can remember, America has been littered with the disease of domestic violence. Domestic violence is the act of abusing or being abused (physically, verbally, or mentally) by someone you live with. Consequently, the rate of children witnessing domestic violence has soared through the roofs to about 3 billion each year. Because domestic violence usually takes place at home, it psychologically alternates the state of children and creates huge impacts on them, their lives, and their futures. Several types of domestic violence we usually hear describing domestic violence include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and extortion. Physical abuse is the most common type of violence. This involves punching,†¦show more content†¦With no self-control and not being able to express their emotions healthily, most usually exploding because of all that they have kept inside of them, children end up having poor relationships with their peers, which quickly weakens their sense of worth. Domestic violence is unfortunately capable of taking away from a kid’s learning ability and memory. The more traumatic an experience a child has been through, the more likely they are to forget things that they once were able to. This tragic fact has a huge effect on a childs performance throughout school, with common speech setbacks and a large insufficient amount of problem solving skills and conflict resolutions. When grades begin to fall, children are then in classes that are not sufficient in preparing them for success. Long-term problems are inescapable for young placed children who constantly and repeatedly, helplessly watch domestic violence inside their homes, a place supposed to be a safe and warm place. The sad truth is that most people who witness domestic violence as children also see it as adults; males are likely to engage in domestic violence, while females are likely to become victims and the other way around. With this kind of regularity of violence, it is l ikely that the cycle will continue in their families and so on. There are several more problems that children experience that started off from domestic violence. Most children who grow up in a violent home developShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Domestic Violence on Children661 Words   |  3 PagesQuestion 1 There are many consequences of not taking a strong stance against domestic abuse and the later impact on the children in the situation. Even if the children are not involved in the actual abuse, they are still negatively impacted by the presence of domestic violence in their households (Osofsky 1990). When abuse is condoned or ignored in a domestic relationship, children can begin to assume that is a normal occurrence, which can be a concept they carry with them for the rest of theirRead MoreEssay on The Impact of Domestic Violence on Children2365 Words   |  10 Pagesascertain the effects of living with domestic violence on children conducted psychological test to measure children’s competency and development. Development psychologists experimented on children in laboratory settings, if the level of competency demonstrated by a child was below average for their age and stage of development, witnessing domestic violence was deemed to be the cause. 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The home is a suppose to be a safe and secure environment for children with loving parents and free from violence. Children need a secure environment where they can come home to when the outside world is unsafe. However, every year there are millions of children who’s homes are not a safe haven. Millions of children are exposed to a parent being violently assaulted. Domestic violence is a prevalent social issue in America today. First, whoRead MoreEssay on The Gravity of Domestic Violence in America1423 Words   |  6 Pages the gravity of domestic violence in America has been disregarded and glossed over; perhaps it is because 60 percent of all domestic violence takes place at home. 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Children who are exposed to domestic violence tend to exhibit more aggressive behaviors with their peers, show signs of depression, and have a difficult time forming relationships (Brown Bzostek, 2003). Cognitively, studies have shown that children exposed to domestic violence may have difficulties learning and concent rating in school, have difficulties with conflict resolution skillsRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children915 Words   |  4 Pagessignificant impacts not only on the victims, but also on the society. Though, some abuses have minor impacts, but most of the abuses have long-term affect and some of them of the affects of abuse stay for decades. In an article, â€Å"The Hidden Consequence Of Domestic Violence Linger For Decades†, from Think Progress, the author Tara Culp-Ressler wrote, â€Å"You’re at a higher risk for some of the largest health problems that our country is facing today† which informs that the victims of domestic violence are at

Effects of Poverty on Enrollment in Ecde free essay sample

This chapter consist of the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, objective of the study, research questions, significance of the study, limitations, scape of the study and operational definition. 1. 1 BACGROUND OF THE STURDY When a counting is faced with challenges of ensuring the provision of child care services becomes too wide for the state . In this case foster care and more extensive adoption programe are preferred to be practiced. However, there will always be situation where there is a shortage of forster parent and you will be requiring orphanage to provide care for the children. Most charity homes that have provided children services for example; Mama Ngina children Home and Dada Mary children Rehabilation center increasingly focusing their effort on community based care to keep them in the extended families. Due to profound changes in Kenya in the mid 80’s has been the formation of street to children who run away from their families to the streets. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Poverty on Enrollment in Ecde or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This 21’st century extra ordinary episodes are seeminly related to the degeneration social value and socio-economic hardship of the day. Research by Vonda sharnk to Herman (1992) has shorwn that there is maltreatment of children. Parents as care takes era legally responsible for supporting and providing for children. But in the absence of these or any relatives willingly to care for the children they become award of the state. By looking at the number of children seen on the roaming on the streets there raising a need to find out the root course so that a lasting solution is found. AVERT international organization (2005) describes the rnumber of orphans and vulnerable children in the past three decades in Africa as an explosion. AVERT estimate the number at 46% of all children inâ€Å"need of care and protection† as AIDS orphans. AVERT further agues that family structures in Africa can not cope because of numbe of orphans and vunrable children. It is likely that at this time the situation is unbearable and there is need to conduct a research to find out the real effect of child abuse on performance on ECDE center in Tingolo Zone . It appears that the exodus of children to urban areas is related to child abuse. According to the Republic of Kenya (2007) every child should have a right to life, survival, development , parent care, name and nationality registration at birth , on discrimination protection from all forms of abuse, education, privacy, leisure, priper and adequate nutrition, health care and parental spiritual guidance. But in the absence of the above rights, the child feels being abused and neglected hence performance of the child reduces. It has been noticed that members of the community and individual look the request knowledge about child rights hence resulting into cases received in the media on child abuse. In urban as well as rural areas, the number of working children is alarming seemingly these large numbers tells of children dropping out of school or never given a chance to join ECDE center in the first place. These group of children are likely not to join school unless something is done to rescuer this from the streets. The crime and prostitution rate already being practiced in the society is done this from the streets. The crime and prostitution rate already being practiced in the society is soar. The implication of pre-mature deaths from drug abuse, police shootings and HIV/AIDS. Mr Njenga says that we shall be gong to waste as we stand to loose a generation that would have given back to the society. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that child abuse is issure in the society that need to be investigated 1. 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM. It has been noticed that ECO children learn a great deal through observation and imitation. Parents take a bigger fraction of child’s environment hence they have a significant role in determining what a child learn especially through odservation and imitation at it forms behavior. This is according to skinner behaviorism theory of learning. Parents should display traits and behaviour that can be imitated by the children yet some of them may not be in a position to possess qualiies that are desirable for learners to emulate. Besides that they may not provide for the child’s holistic devolopement because of ignorance that that only a certain amount of education can remove in this regard it is assumed that a parent with reasonable education should be able to nurture a child into asocially acceptable human being. It has been observed that many children from parents thought of as having some educationseem not to get adequate care in early stages of life. This study wil therefore be dsigned to try to determine the effect of child abuse early development and education in Tingolo Zone Busia county. 1. 3 THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of child abuse on perfomancce in ECD centers in Tingolo Zone Busia county. 1. 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The study wil be guided dy the following objectives; I. To find out the cause of the child abuse in Tingolo Zone Busia county. II. To investigate incicideence of child abuse in early childhood Development Education center in Tingolo Zone Busia county. III. To determine the effects of child abuse of performance in Tingolo Zone Busia county. 1. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS. I. What are some of the causes of child abuse in Tingolo Zone Busia county? II. Which incidence of child are observed or reported in ECDE center? III. How dose child abuse affect the performance of children in ECDE centers? 1. 6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY. The study will be conducted in Tiongolo Zone Busia county. The research study will collect information in 10 pre-school and lower primary. 1. 7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY. The researcher will find it hard to prepare and do research study in time due to; I. Luck of enough funds to carry out the research since it will involve a lot of movement. II. Poor weather conditions, that is alote of rain leading poor transportation network III. The researcher may face the problemof uncoperativeness in that most of the people in the area of the study may not be free to axpress their views due to fear of the people in the area. IV. The researcher may also face a problem of hostility among some community in the area of the study. V. The researcher may also face the problem of language barrier hence 1. 8 DELIMITATION To delimit these problems; I. The researcher will use her own means of transport so as to eliminate extra transport. II. The researcher will cary out the study during the day. III. The resaecher will communicate easily with the subject under the study by use of their native language. 1. 9 ABREVIATION OF TERMS. ECDE: Early Childhood Development Education HIV : Human Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome FPE : Free Primary Education. NU : United Nation UK : United Kingdom CDF : Constituency Development Funds IDP : Iternally Displaced Person CRISP: Child Right International surport prigram CCO : Community Child Organization Center GOK : Government Of Kenya. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIWE 2. 1 INTRODUCTION The chapter focused and review of literature by other people and their contribution on the effect of child abuse on ECDE Centre, the incidents of child abuse in ECDE, causes of child abuse in ECDE and effect of child abuse performance in ECDE 2. 2 THEORIES OF CHILD ABUSE Mumbi (2004) quotes the minister for health Mrs. Charity Ngilu say that there should be basic hygiene. According to Mrs. Ngilu parents and other care takers should be sensitized on the need of providing nutritious food and clean water to their children so as to enable their children grow healthy which in turn improve their academic performance in there learning environment Swift C. R (1984) says that poverty iss often associated with under ntririon, poor medical care and pre-maturity which in turn are associated with above average incidences of psychological maladjustments. Psychological stress in life may contribute to the onset of illness which may affect performance of the child both in playground in accademics. Murithi (2005) argues thst Kenya has been pushed into a great situation of distinction between the rich and poor. This discrimination has affected the performance of the children. However the GOK has tried to find povety in the county by disbursing C. D. F to help the development project for both adults and children. The gorverment has slso through CRISP disbursed financial assistance to primary and C . C. O center to select districts in the county to umprove infrastructure and learning materials in their institutions. These are effects to cental poverty in our constituency and county. Despite the government’s effort to eradicate poverty and provide basic needs to children the provisions is still found to be serious problem and other stakeholders in the education are called uporn to join hands in this process. 2. 3 INCIDDENCES OF CHILD ABUSE Many incidence of child abuse may be silently taking place in child institution, homes and families without anybody realizing. The standard ( Nov. 19, 2008)- The Helpline Director and children department reported that over 300 child abuse cause were handled in three months’ time and ten percent of the causes handled were boys related. Daily Nation (Nov. 19, 2008) states that more boys in the post have been rescued from streets than ever before. There are more boys than there are girls on the streets which means that boys are being abused more at homes. As though this was not enough, the standard (March 11, 2008) reported that the Roman catholic church in the US paid out 615 million dollars in 2009 for child sex abuse case involving members of the allergy, or fifty four percent more than the previous years. Likely new of boys being abused tends to be reported in many cases because they are openly seen on the streets than there are girls. There might be a lot happening on girls silently and not being voiced by the suffers for fear of losing some privilages enjoyed and even being threatened for dire consequences, The study will found a large rate of exploitation and abuse, slave, child ponography, sexual assult, child prostitution and child trafficking. Brian ( Daily Nation, Nov. 9, 2008) states that the civil society organization have crcked the whip on people who abuse girls so often and had that result has been that child abusers has shifted their on welcome attention to boys. But on the country, it’s likely that girls may be undergoing some bitter moments in the hands of friends, parents and relatives. Weke ( Daily Nation, Nov. 19, 2008) says that incidents of sexual abuse on boys have increasedin the past few months. A number of sodomy cases have been received from school and other institution and even rehabilitation center. It is likely that a lot is happening silently and these children may be undergoing a terminating period in their lifetime perpetrators may even be changing their tactics of committing the crime. Contradiction is brought between the statistics in the children’s department and those in the county education office on children in ECDE centers. Statistics shows that few girls have been enrolled in ECDE centers in Tingolo Zone as compared to the total population of children in Tingolo Zone. There are 5,000 children under age of eight years in Tingolo Zone of which more than half are boys. Staistics in ECDE officr, Busia county shows that more boys than girls have been enrollde in ECDE center in Tingolo Zone. This contradicts what Brian sy that child abuses have shifted their attention to boys. It is most likely that girls are silently being destroyed without anybody’s knowledge. 2. 4 CAUSES OF CHILD ABUSE According to the Numerous Foundation ( 1995) many children run away from home due to problems with their families may be this seems to be due to violence in the family, peer pressure, problems at the school, separation of parents or arrival of step parents. Sreets are just a replacement of these problems that children run away from and this takes differen wsys like sexual abuse, development of criminal, traits in children and the raise of leading to child labour. Children trafficking and deaths from deaths from malnutrition and mob justice, transmission of disease like HIV/AIDS. However, few of these cases are reported due to stigmatization, fear of reprisal or fear of the tedious process of seeking justice in Kenya. Wisdom (1989) child abuse is manifested in various forms like sexual abuse, neglect, physical abuse, and emotional. It is more likely that in Kenya not every suspicion or situation is child maltreatment. Abuse and neglect is reported to the authorities. As a result the number of reports likely under reprensents the number of result the number of reports likely urnder represents the number of children who actualy suffer from maltreatement, abuse and neglect. Nairobi African Network for the preventation and protection against chld abuse (2000) notes that many African communities, povety and lack of proper parentating skills play a major role in child maltreatment abuse and neglect ( Japheth, Daily Nation ). 2. 5 THE EFFECTS OF CHILD ABUSE ON PERFORMANCE IN ECDE. Network (2000) children suffering abuse develop arrange of maladaptive, anti-social and self-destructive behavior and thoughts by trying to cope with the abuse by trying to understand the situation and why the abuse is happening. They come up with ideas about what they did to cause the abuse and what they do differently to avoid the abuse. Children also develop a range of maladaptive behavior which can become pathological problems. It is likely that freezing and disassociates response behave demonstrated by some toddlers and pre-scholar are associated with maltreatment of these children. The study done response to maltreatment in which individuals separate their painful experiences from conscious awareness. The use of disassociation protects the children against overwhelming emotions and thoughts about maltreatment.